中世纪英国文学历程中的历史背景变迁

The Medieval Period of English literature, also known as the Middle Ages, was a time of significant historical events and cultural shifts that influenced the course of literature. Several key historical background changes impacted this period: 1. Norman Conquest (1066): The Norman Conquest marked the beginning of the Medieval Period in England. With the victory of William the Conqueror, the Normans brought their own language (Norman French) and cultural influences, which had a profound impact on the English language and literature. This led to a fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French literary traditions. 2. Crusades (11th-13th centuries): The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims. These expeditions to the Holy Land exposed English writers to new ideas, cultures, and literary forms from the Middle East. The encounters with Eastern literature and the exposure to different perspectives influenced the themes and motifs in English literature. 3. Rise of the Universities: The establishment of universities in the 12th and 13th centuries, such as Oxford and Cambridge, created centers of learning and intellectual exchange. The universities became important patrons of literature and fostered the development of academic and scholastic writing. Latin was the dominant language of scholarly works during this period. 4. Black Death (1347-1351): The devastating plague known as the Black Death had a profound impact on medieval society, including literature. The widespread mortality and social upheaval caused by the plague led to a shift in literary themes, with a greater focus on mortality, religious contemplation, and the transience of life. 5. The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453): The Hundred Years' War between England and France had a significant impact on English literature. It fueled a sense of national identity and patriotism, which is reflected in literary works of the time. The war also led to increased contact and cultural exchange between England and France, influencing literary styles and themes. These historical background changes shaped the literary landscape of the Medieval Period, influencing the themes, language, and forms of English literature during this time.