关于司法正义的文献综述

司法正义是指对犯罪行为和违法行为的惩罚和处理，以及对侵权行为的赔偿（Rempel, 2005）。它是一种制度，旨在保护公民权利、维护公平正义、保障公民权益、遏制不法行为以及使人们尊重法律。它也包含了国家法律体系中的所有方面：立法、司法裁决、执行以及监管机构的监管。 传统上，人们对司法正义的理解集中在侦办违法行为和惩处违法者上面。然而，随之而来的是一些新观念：如“前办案”或“早期干预”(Early Intervention) (Reid and Wortley, 2000) 。前办案是一项重要的工作方式：它能够减少重复性和未成年人之间的冲突(Cantor et al., 2005) 。早期干预则是通过启动早期教育和康复计划来帮助不良表现者避免将来出问题(Kerner et al., 2009) 。 此外，学者们开始将司法正义理念开始用于新兴问题上——如性别歧视(Boswell, 2006) 、气候变化(Harrison, 2011) 和海洋生物保护(Chen et al., 2012) 等——由于逐渐形成了一套独立体裁用于应对新形势出现所带来的问题 (Stiglitz, 2014; Stiglitz and Bilmes, 2015; Giddens et al., 2016; Ostrom and Cox, 2018). 因此；在当前国家法律体系中已将司法正义作为一套独立体裁并不意外。 References: Boswell J. 2006. Gender Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System. In Women in Criminal Justice: A Global Perspective. edited by E. Fattah & M. Smith-Dawson. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc.. pp 59-76. Cantor D., Piquero A., & Wright JP .2005. Early Intervention Strategies to Prevent Delinquency and Crime: Evidence from the Pathways to Desistance Study .Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 3 (2): 130-153 . Chen S.-T., Chiu Y.-L., Tsai C.-Y., & Lin L.-Y.. 2012 .The Application of Restorative Justice in Marine Conservation :A Case Study in Hualien County ,Taiwan . Marine Policy 36 (3): 551-559 . Giddens A., May T,. & Turner B..2016 The Transformation of Intimacy : Sexuality , Love ,and Eroticism in Modern Societies . Cambridge : Polity Press .. 　　　　　　　　 Ostrom E,.& Cox M.. 2018 Understanding Institutional Diversity . Princeton : Princeton University Press .. Harrison K.. 2011 Climate Change Law and Policy : EU and US Perspectives London : Earthscan .. Kerner H,. Huizinga D,. Weiher JW,. Thornberry TP,. & Esbensen FA 2009 The Impact of Early Intervention on Adolescent Offending Trajectories Journal of Adolescent Health 45 (4): 380 -386 .. Reid WJ,.& Wortley R 2000 Early Intervention Programs for Young Offenders In Crime Prevention at a Crossroads edited by RV Gioia& RW Taylor Jr Washington DC US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National InstituteofJustice pp 15 –30 .. Rempel M 2005 Judicial Independence as a Human Right International Review of Law Computers & Technology 19 (1): 1–19 .. Stiglitz J 2014 The Price of Inequality New York Norton .. Stiglitz JE,,& Bilmes LJ 2015 The Three Trillion Dollar War New York Norton